Backends¶

torch.distributed supports three built-in backends, each with different capabilities. The table below shows which functions are available for use with CPU / CUDA tensors. MPI supports CUDA only if the implementation used to build PyTorch supports it.

Basics¶

The torch.distributed package provides PyTorch support and communication primitives for multiprocess parallelism across several computation nodes running on one or more machines. The class torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel() builds on this functionality to provide synchronous distributed training as a wrapper around any PyTorch model. This differs from the kinds of parallelism provided by Multiprocessing package - torch.multiprocessing and torch.nn.DataParallel() in that it supports multiple network-connected machines and in that the user must explicitly launch a separate copy of the main training script for each process.

In the single-machine synchronous case, torch.distributed or the torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel() wrapper may still have advantages over other approaches to data-parallelism, including torch.nn.DataParallel():

• Each process maintains its own optimizer and performs a complete optimization step with each iteration. While this may appear redundant, since the gradients have already been gathered together and averaged across processes and are thus the same for every process, this means that no parameter broadcast step is needed, reducing time spent transferring tensors between nodes.

• Each process contains an independent Python interpreter, eliminating the extra interpreter overhead and “GIL-thrashing” that comes from driving several execution threads, model replicas, or GPUs from a single Python process. This is especially important for models that make heavy use of the Python runtime, including models with recurrent layers or many small components.

Initialization¶

The package needs to be initialized using the torch.distributed.init_process_group() function before calling any other methods. This blocks until all processes have joined.

torch.distributed.is_available()[source]¶

Returns True if the distributed package is available. Otherwise, torch.distributed does not expose any other APIs. Currently, torch.distributed is available on Linux, MacOS and Windows. Set USE_DISTRIBUTED=1 to enable it when building PyTorch from source. Currently, the default value is USE_DISTRIBUTED=1 for Linux and Windows, USE_DISTRIBUTED=0 for MacOS.

torch.distributed.init_process_group(backend, init_method=None, timeout=datetime.timedelta(0, 1800), world_size=-1, rank=-1, store=None, group_name='')[source]¶

Initializes the default distributed process group, and this will also initialize the distributed package.

There are 2 main ways to initialize a process group:

1. Specify store, rank, and world_size explicitly.

2. Specify init_method (a URL string) which indicates where/how to discover peers. Optionally specify rank and world_size, or encode all required parameters in the URL and omit them.

If neither is specified, init_method is assumed to be “env://”.

Parameters

• backend (str or Backend) – The backend to use. Depending on build-time configurations, valid values include mpi, gloo, and nccl. This field should be given as a lowercase string (e.g., "gloo"), which can also be accessed via Backend attributes (e.g., Backend.GLOO). If using multiple processes per machine with nccl backend, each process must have exclusive access to every GPU it uses, as sharing GPUs between processes can result in deadlocks.

• init_method (str, optional) – URL specifying how to initialize the process group. Default is “env://” if no init_method or store is specified. Mutually exclusive with store.

• world_size (int, optional) – Number of processes participating in the job. Required if store is specified.

• rank (int, optional) – Rank of the current process. Required if store is specified.

• store (Store, optional) – Key/value store accessible to all workers, used to exchange connection/address information. Mutually exclusive with init_method.

• timeout (timedelta, optional) – Timeout for operations executed against the process group. Default value equals 30 minutes. This is applicable for the gloo backend. For nccl, this is applicable only if the environment variable NCCL_BLOCKING_WAIT or NCCL_ASYNC_ERROR_HANDLING is set to 1. When NCCL_BLOCKING_WAIT is set, this is the duration for which the process will block and wait for collectives to complete before throwing an exception. When NCCL_ASYNC_ERROR_HANDLING is set, this is the duration after which collectives will be aborted asynchronously and the process will crash. NCCL_BLOCKING_WAIT will provide errors to the user which can be caught and handled, but due to its blocking nature, it has a performance overhead. On the other hand, NCCL_ASYNC_ERROR_HANDLING has little performance overhead, but crashes the process on errors. This is done since CUDA execution is async and it is no longer safe to continue executing user code since failed async NCCL operations might result in subsequent CUDA operations to run on corrupted data. Only one of these two environment variables should be set.

• group_name (str, optional, deprecated) – Group name.

To enable backend == Backend.MPI, PyTorch needs to be built from source on a system that supports MPI.

class torch.distributed.Backend[source]¶

An enum-like class of available backends: GLOO, NCCL, MPI, and other registered backends.

The values of this class are lowercase strings, e.g., "gloo". They can be accessed as attributes, e.g., Backend.NCCL.

This class can be directly called to parse the string, e.g., Backend(backend_str) will check if backend_str is valid, and return the parsed lowercase string if so. It also accepts uppercase strings, e.g., Backend("GLOO") returns "gloo".

Note

The entry Backend.UNDEFINED is present but only used as initial value of some fields. Users should neither use it directly nor assume its existence.

torch.distributed.get_backend(group=<object object>)[source]¶

Returns the backend of the given process group.

Parameters

group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on. The default is the general main process group. If another specific group is specified, the calling process must be part of group.

Returns

The backend of the given process group as a lower case string.

torch.distributed.get_rank(group=<object object>)[source]¶

Returns the rank of current process group

Rank is a unique identifier assigned to each process within a distributed process group. They are always consecutive integers ranging from 0 to world_size.

Parameters

group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

Returns

The rank of the process group -1, if not part of the group

torch.distributed.get_world_size(group=<object object>)[source]¶

Returns the number of processes in the current process group

Parameters

group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

Returns

The world size of the process group -1, if not part of the group

torch.distributed.is_initialized()[source]¶

Checking if the default process group has been initialized

torch.distributed.is_mpi_available()[source]¶

Checks if the MPI backend is available.

torch.distributed.is_nccl_available()[source]¶

Checks if the NCCL backend is available.

Currently three initialization methods are supported:

import torch.distributed as dist

# Use address of one of the machines
dist.init_process_group(backend, init_method='tcp://10.1.1.20:23456',
                        rank=args.rank, world_size=4)

import torch.distributed as dist

# rank should always be specified
dist.init_process_group(backend, init_method='file:///mnt/nfs/sharedfile',
                        world_size=4, rank=args.rank)

Distributed Key-Value Store¶

The distributed package comes with a distributed key-value store, which can be used to share information between processes in the group as well as to initialize the distributed pacakge in torch.distributed.init_process_group() (by explicitly creating the store as an alternative to specifying init_method.) There are 3 choices for Key-Value Stores: TCPStore, FileStore, and HashStore.

class torch.distributed.Store¶

Base class for all store implementations, such as the 3 provided by PyTorch distributed: (TCPStore, FileStore, and HashStore).

class torch.distributed.TCPStore¶

A TCP-based distributed key-value store implementation. The server store holds the data, while the client stores can connect to the server store over TCP and perform actions such as set() to insert a key-value pair, get() to retrieve a key-value pair, etc.

Parameters

• host_name (str) – The hostname or IP Address the server store should run on.

• port (int) – The port on which the server store should listen for incoming requests.

• world_size (int) – The total number of store users (number of clients + 1 for the server).

• is_master (bool) – True when initializing the server store, False for client stores.

• timeout (timedelta) – Timeout used by the store during initialization and for methods such as get() and wait().

Example::

>>> import torch.distributed as dist
>>> server_store = dist.TCPStore("127.0.0.1", 0, true, timedelta(seconds=30))
>>> client_store = dist.TCPStore("127.0.0.1", 0, false)
>>> # Use any of the store methods from either the client or server after initialization
>>> server_store.set("first_key", "first_value")
>>> client_store.get("first_key")

class torch.distributed.HashStore¶

A thread-safe store implementation based on an underlying hashmap. This store can be used within the same process (for example, by other threads), but cannot be used across processes.

Example::

>>> import torch.distributed as dist
>>> store = dist.HashStore()
>>> # store can be used from other threads
>>> # Use any of the store methods after initialization
>>> store.set("first_key", "first_value")

class torch.distributed.FileStore¶

A store implementation that uses a file to store the underlying key-value pairs.

Parameters

• file_name (str) – path of the file in which to store the key-value pairs

• world_size (int) – The total number of processes using the store

Example::

>>> import torch.distributed as dist
>>> store1 = dist.FileStore("/tmp/filestore", 2)
>>> store2 = dist.FileStore("/tmp/filestore", 2)
>>> # Use any of the store methods from either the client or server after initialization
>>> store1.set("first_key", "first_value")
>>> store2.get("first_key")

class torch.distributed.PrefixStore¶

A wrapper around any of the 3 key-value stores (TCPStore, FileStore, and HashStore) that adds a prefix to each key inserted to the store.

Parameters

• prefix (str) – The prefix string that is prepended to each key before being inserted into the store.

• store (torch.distributed.store) – A store object that forms the underlying key-value store.

torch.distributed.Store.set(self: torch.distributed.Store, arg0: str, arg1: str) → None¶

Inserts the key-value pair into the store based on the supplied key and value. If key already exists in the store, it will overwrite the old value with the new supplied value.

Parameters

• key (str) – The key to be added to the store.

• value (str) – The value associated with key to be added to the store.

Example::

>>> import torch.distributed as dist
>>> store = dist.TCPStore("127.0.0.1", 0, true, timedelta(seconds=30))
>>> store.set("first_key", "first_value")
>>> # Should return "first_value"
>>> store.get("first_key")

torch.distributed.Store.get(self: torch.distributed.Store, arg0: str) → bytes¶

Retrieves the value associated with the given key in the store. If key is not present in the store, the function will wait for timeout, which is defined when initializing the store, before throwing an exception.

Parameters

key (str) – The function will return the value associated with this key.

Returns

Value associated with key if key is in the store.

Example::

>>> import torch.distributed as dist
>>> store = dist.TCPStore("127.0.0.1", 0, true, timedelta(seconds=30))
>>> store.set("first_key", "first_value")
>>> # Should return "first_value"
>>> store.get("first_key")

torch.distributed.Store.add(self: torch.distributed.Store, arg0: str, arg1: int) → int¶

The first call to add for a given key creates a counter associated with key in the store, initialized to amount. Subsequent calls to add with the same key increment the counter by the specified amount. Calling add() with a key that has already been set in the store by set() will result in an exception.

Parameters

• key (str) – The key in the store whose counter will be incremented.

• amount (int) – The quantity by which the counter will be incremented.

Example::

>>> import torch.distributed as dist
>>> # Using TCPStore as an example, other store types can also be used
>>> store = dist.TCPStore("127.0.0.1", 0, true, timedelta(seconds=30))
>>> store.add("first_key", 1)
>>> store.add("first_key", 6)
>>> # Should return 7
>>> store.get("first_key")

torch.distributed.Store.wait(*args, **kwargs)¶

Overloaded function.

1. wait(self: torch.distributed.Store, arg0: List[str]) -> None

Waits for each key in keys to be added to the store. If not all keys are set before the timeout (set during store initialization), then wait will throw an exception.

Parameters

keys (list) – List of keys on which to wait until they are set in the store.

Example::

>>> import torch.distributed as dist
>>> # Using TCPStore as an example, other store types can also be used
>>> store = dist.TCPStore("127.0.0.1", 0, true, timedelta(seconds=30))
>>> # This will throw an exception after 30 seconds
>>> store.wait(["bad_key"])

2. wait(self: torch.distributed.Store, arg0: List[str], arg1: datetime.timedelta) -> None

Waits for each key in keys to be added to the store, and throws an exception if the keys have not been set by the supplied timeout.

Parameters

• keys (list) – List of keys on which to wait until they are set in the store.

• timeout (timedelta) – Time to wait for the keys to be added before throwing an exception.

Example::

>>> import torch.distributed as dist
>>> # Using TCPStore as an example, other store types can also be used
>>> store = dist.TCPStore("127.0.0.1", 0, true, timedelta(seconds=30))
>>> # This will throw an exception after 10 seconds
>>> store.wait(["bad_key"], timedelta(seconds=10))

torch.distributed.Store.num_keys(self: torch.distributed.Store) → int¶

Returns the number of keys set in the store. Note that this number will typically be one greater than the number of keys added by set() and add() since one key is used to coordinate all the workers using the store.

Warning

The num_keys API is only supported by the TCPStore. Using this API with the FileStore or HashStore will result in an exception.

Returns

The number of keys present in the store.

Example::

>>> import torch.distributed as dist
>>> store = dist.TCPStore("127.0.0.1", 0, true, timedelta(seconds=30))
>>> store.set("first_key", "first_value")
>>> # This should return 2
>>> store.num_keys()

torch.distributed.Store.delete_key(self: torch.distributed.Store, arg0: str) → bool¶

Deletes the key-value pair associated with key from the store. Returns true if the key was successfully deleted, and false if it was not.

Warning

The delete_key API is only supported by the TCPStore. Using this API with the FileStore or HashStore will result in an exception.

Parameters

key (str) – The key to be deleted from the store

Returns

true if key was deleted, otherwise false.

Example::

>>> import torch.distributed as dist
>>> store = dist.TCPStore("127.0.0.1", 0, true, timedelta(seconds=30))
>>> store.set("first_key")
>>> # This should return true
>>> store.delete_key("first_key")
>>> # This should return false
>>> store.delete_key("bad_key")

torch.distributed.Store.set_timeout(self: torch.distributed.Store, arg0: datetime.timedelta) → None¶

Sets the store’s default timeout. This timeout is used during initialization and in wait() and get().

Parameters

timeout (timedelta) – timeout to be set in the store.

Example::

>>> import torch.distributed as dist
>>> # Using TCPStore as an example, other store types can also be used
>>> store = dist.TCPStore("127.0.0.1", 0, true, timedelta(seconds=30))
>>> store.set_timeout(timedelta(seconds=10))
>>> # This will throw an exception after 10 seconds
>>> store.wait(["bad_key"])

Groups¶

By default collectives operate on the default group (also called the world) and require all processes to enter the distributed function call. However, some workloads can benefit from more fine-grained communication. This is where distributed groups come into play. new_group() function can be used to create new groups, with arbitrary subsets of all processes. It returns an opaque group handle that can be given as a group argument to all collectives (collectives are distributed functions to exchange information in certain well-known programming patterns).

torch.distributed.new_group(ranks=None, timeout=datetime.timedelta(0, 1800), backend=None)[source]¶

Creates a new distributed group.

This function requires that all processes in the main group (i.e. all processes that are part of the distributed job) enter this function, even if they are not going to be members of the group. Additionally, groups should be created in the same order in all processes.

Parameters

• ranks (list[int]) – List of ranks of group members. If None, will be set to all ranks. Default is None.

• timeout (timedelta, optional) – Timeout for operations executed against the process group. Default value equals 30 minutes. This is only applicable for the gloo backend.

• backend (str or Backend, optional) – The backend to use. Depending on build-time configurations, valid values are gloo and nccl. By default uses the same backend as the global group. This field should be given as a lowercase string (e.g., "gloo"), which can also be accessed via Backend attributes (e.g., Backend.GLOO).

Returns

A handle of distributed group that can be given to collective calls.

Point-to-point communication¶

torch.distributed.send(tensor, dst, group=<object object>, tag=0)[source]¶

Sends a tensor synchronously.

Parameters

• tensor (Tensor) – Tensor to send.

• dst (int) – Destination rank.

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

• tag (int, optional) – Tag to match send with remote recv

torch.distributed.recv(tensor, src=None, group=<object object>, tag=0)[source]¶

Receives a tensor synchronously.

Parameters

• tensor (Tensor) – Tensor to fill with received data.

• src (int, optional) – Source rank. Will receive from any process if unspecified.

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

• tag (int, optional) – Tag to match recv with remote send

Returns

Sender rank -1, if not part of the group

isend() and irecv() return distributed request objects when used. In general, the type of this object is unspecified as they should never be created manually, but they are guaranteed to support two methods:

• is_completed() - returns True if the operation has finished

• wait() - will block the process until the operation is finished. is_completed() is guaranteed to return True once it returns.

torch.distributed.isend(tensor, dst, group=<object object>, tag=0)[source]¶

Sends a tensor asynchronously.

Parameters

• tensor (Tensor) – Tensor to send.

• dst (int) – Destination rank.

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

• tag (int, optional) – Tag to match send with remote recv

Returns

A distributed request object. None, if not part of the group

torch.distributed.irecv(tensor, src, group=<object object>, tag=0)[source]¶

Receives a tensor asynchronously.

Parameters

• tensor (Tensor) – Tensor to fill with received data.

• src (int) – Source rank.

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

• tag (int, optional) – Tag to match recv with remote send

Returns

A distributed request object. None, if not part of the group

Synchronous and asynchronous collective operations¶

Every collective operation function supports the following two kinds of operations:

synchronous operation - the default mode, when async_op is set to False. when the function returns, it is guaranteed that the collective operation is performed (not necessarily completed if it’s a CUDA op since all CUDA ops are asynchronous), and any further function calls depending on the data of the collective operation can be called. In the synchronous mode, the collective function does not return anything

asynchronous operation - when async_op is set to True. The collective operation function returns a distributed request object. In general, you don’t need to create it manually and it is guaranteed to support two methods:

• is_completed() - returns True if the operation has finished

• wait() - will block the process until the operation is finished.

Collective functions¶

torch.distributed.broadcast(tensor, src, group=<object object>, async_op=False)[source]¶

Broadcasts the tensor to the whole group.

tensor must have the same number of elements in all processes participating in the collective.

Parameters

• tensor (Tensor) – Data to be sent if src is the rank of current process, and tensor to be used to save received data otherwise.

• src (int) – Source rank.

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

• async_op (bool, optional) – Whether this op should be an async op

Returns

Async work handle, if async_op is set to True. None, if not async_op or if not part of the group

torch.distributed.all_reduce(tensor, op=<ReduceOp.SUM: 0>, group=<object object>, async_op=False)[source]¶

Reduces the tensor data across all machines in such a way that all get the final result.

After the call tensor is going to be bitwise identical in all processes.

Parameters

• tensor (Tensor) – Input and output of the collective. The function operates in-place.

• op (optional) – One of the values from torch.distributed.ReduceOp enum. Specifies an operation used for element-wise reductions.

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

• async_op (bool, optional) – Whether this op should be an async op

Returns

Async work handle, if async_op is set to True. None, if not async_op or if not part of the group

torch.distributed.reduce(tensor, dst, op=<ReduceOp.SUM: 0>, group=<object object>, async_op=False)[source]¶

Reduces the tensor data across all machines.

Only the process with rank dst is going to receive the final result.

Parameters

• tensor (Tensor) – Input and output of the collective. The function operates in-place.

• dst (int) – Destination rank

• op (optional) – One of the values from torch.distributed.ReduceOp enum. Specifies an operation used for element-wise reductions.

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

• async_op (bool, optional) – Whether this op should be an async op

Returns

Async work handle, if async_op is set to True. None, if not async_op or if not part of the group

torch.distributed.all_gather(tensor_list, tensor, group=<object object>, async_op=False)[source]¶

Gathers tensors from the whole group in a list.

Parameters

• tensor_list (list[Tensor]) – Output list. It should contain correctly-sized tensors to be used for output of the collective.

• tensor (Tensor) – Tensor to be broadcast from current process.

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

• async_op (bool, optional) – Whether this op should be an async op

Returns

Async work handle, if async_op is set to True. None, if not async_op or if not part of the group

torch.distributed.gather(tensor, gather_list=None, dst=0, group=<object object>, async_op=False)[source]¶

Gathers a list of tensors in a single process.

Parameters

• tensor (Tensor) – Input tensor.

• gather_list (list[Tensor], optional) – List of appropriately-sized tensors to use for gathered data (default is None, must be specified on the destination rank)

• dst (int, optional) – Destination rank (default is 0)

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

• async_op (bool, optional) – Whether this op should be an async op

Returns

Async work handle, if async_op is set to True. None, if not async_op or if not part of the group

torch.distributed.scatter(tensor, scatter_list=None, src=0, group=<object object>, async_op=False)[source]¶

Scatters a list of tensors to all processes in a group.

Each process will receive exactly one tensor and store its data in the tensor argument.

Parameters

• tensor (Tensor) – Output tensor.

• scatter_list (list[Tensor]) – List of tensors to scatter (default is None, must be specified on the source rank)

• src (int) – Source rank (default is 0)

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

• async_op (bool, optional) – Whether this op should be an async op

Returns

Async work handle, if async_op is set to True. None, if not async_op or if not part of the group

torch.distributed.reduce_scatter(output, input_list, op=<ReduceOp.SUM: 0>, group=<object object>, async_op=False)[source]¶

Reduces, then scatters a list of tensors to all processes in a group.

Parameters

• output (Tensor) – Output tensor.

• input_list (list[Tensor]) – List of tensors to reduce and scatter.

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on.

• async_op (bool, optional) – Whether this op should be an async op.

Returns

Async work handle, if async_op is set to True. None, if not async_op or if not part of the group.

torch.distributed.all_to_all(output_tensor_list, input_tensor_list, group=<object object>, async_op=False)[source]¶

Each process scatters list of input tensors to all processes in a group and return gathered list of tensors in output list.

Parameters

• output_tensor_list (list[Tensor]) – List of tensors to be gathered one per rank.

• input_tensor_list (list[Tensor]) – List of tensors to scatter one per rank.

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on.

• async_op (bool, optional) – Whether this op should be an async op.

Returns

Async work handle, if async_op is set to True. None, if not async_op or if not part of the group.

Warning

all_to_all is experimental and subject to change.

Examples

>>> input = torch.arange(4) + rank * 4
>>> input = list(input.chunk(4))
>>> input
[tensor([0]), tensor([1]), tensor([2]), tensor([3])]     # Rank 0
[tensor([4]), tensor([5]), tensor([6]), tensor([7])]     # Rank 1
[tensor([8]), tensor([9]), tensor([10]), tensor([11])]   # Rank 2
[tensor([12]), tensor([13]), tensor([14]), tensor([15])] # Rank 3
>>> output = list(torch.empty([4], dtype=torch.int64).chunk(4))
>>> dist.all_to_all(output, input)
>>> output
[tensor([0]), tensor([4]), tensor([8]), tensor([12])]    # Rank 0
[tensor([1]), tensor([5]), tensor([9]), tensor([13])]    # Rank 1
[tensor([2]), tensor([6]), tensor([10]), tensor([14])]   # Rank 2
[tensor([3]), tensor([7]), tensor([11]), tensor([15])]   # Rank 3

>>> # Essentially, it is similar to following operation:
>>> scatter_list = input
>>> gather_list  = output
>>> for i in range(world_size):
>>>   dist.scatter(gather_list[i], scatter_list if i == rank else [], src = i)

>>> input
tensor([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])                                       # Rank 0
tensor([10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18])                     # Rank 1
tensor([20, 21, 22, 23, 24])                                     # Rank 2
tensor([30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36])                             # Rank 3
>>> input_splits
[2, 2, 1, 1]                                                     # Rank 0
[3, 2, 2, 2]                                                     # Rank 1
[2, 1, 1, 1]                                                     # Rank 2
[2, 2, 2, 1]                                                     # Rank 3
>>> output_splits
[2, 3, 2, 2]                                                     # Rank 0
[2, 2, 1, 2]                                                     # Rank 1
[1, 2, 1, 2]                                                     # Rank 2
[1, 2, 1, 1]                                                     # Rank 3
>>> input = list(input.split(input_splits))
>>> input
[tensor([0, 1]), tensor([2, 3]), tensor([4]), tensor([5])]                   # Rank 0
[tensor([10, 11, 12]), tensor([13, 14]), tensor([15, 16]), tensor([17, 18])] # Rank 1
[tensor([20, 21]), tensor([22]), tensor([23]), tensor([24])]                 # Rank 2
[tensor([30, 31]), tensor([32, 33]), tensor([34, 35]), tensor([36])]         # Rank 3
>>> output = ...
>>> dist.all_to_all(output, input)
>>> output
[tensor([0, 1]), tensor([10, 11, 12]), tensor([20, 21]), tensor([30, 31])]   # Rank 0
[tensor([2, 3]), tensor([13, 14]), tensor([22]), tensor([32, 33])]           # Rank 1
[tensor([4]), tensor([15, 16]), tensor([23]), tensor([34, 35])]              # Rank 2
[tensor([5]), tensor([17, 18]), tensor([24]), tensor([36])]                  # Rank 3

torch.distributed.barrier(group=<object object>, async_op=False)[source]¶

Synchronizes all processes.

This collective blocks processes until the whole group enters this function, if async_op is False, or if async work handle is called on wait().

Parameters

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

• async_op (bool, optional) – Whether this op should be an async op

Returns

Async work handle, if async_op is set to True. None, if not async_op or if not part of the group

class torch.distributed.ReduceOp¶

An enum-like class for available reduction operations: SUM, PRODUCT, MIN, MAX, BAND, BOR, and BXOR.

Note that BAND, BOR, and BXOR reductions are not available when using the NCCL backend.

The values of this class can be accessed as attributes, e.g., ReduceOp.SUM. They are used in specifying strategies for reduction collectives, e.g., reduce(), all_reduce_multigpu(), etc.

Members:

SUM

PRODUCT

MIN

MAX

BAND

BOR

BXOR

class torch.distributed.reduce_op[source]¶

Deprecated enum-like class for reduction operations: SUM, PRODUCT, MIN, and MAX.

ReduceOp is recommended to use instead.

Multi-GPU collective functions¶

If you have more than one GPU on each node, when using the NCCL and Gloo backend, broadcast_multigpu() all_reduce_multigpu() reduce_multigpu() all_gather_multigpu() and reduce_scatter_multigpu() support distributed collective operations among multiple GPUs within each node. These functions can potentially improve the overall distributed training performance and be easily used by passing a list of tensors. Each Tensor in the passed tensor list needs to be on a separate GPU device of the host where the function is called. Note that the length of the tensor list needs to be identical among all the distributed processes. Also note that currently the multi-GPU collective functions are only supported by the NCCL backend.

For example, if the system we use for distributed training has 2 nodes, each of which has 8 GPUs. On each of the 16 GPUs, there is a tensor that we would like to all-reduce. The following code can serve as a reference:

Code running on Node 0

import torch
import torch.distributed as dist

dist.init_process_group(backend="nccl",
                        init_method="file:///distributed_test",
                        world_size=2,
                        rank=0)
tensor_list = []
for dev_idx in range(torch.cuda.device_count()):
    tensor_list.append(torch.FloatTensor([1]).cuda(dev_idx))

dist.all_reduce_multigpu(tensor_list)

Code running on Node 1

import torch
import torch.distributed as dist

dist.init_process_group(backend="nccl",
                        init_method="file:///distributed_test",
                        world_size=2,
                        rank=1)
tensor_list = []
for dev_idx in range(torch.cuda.device_count()):
    tensor_list.append(torch.FloatTensor([1]).cuda(dev_idx))

dist.all_reduce_multigpu(tensor_list)

After the call, all 16 tensors on the two nodes will have the all-reduced value of 16

torch.distributed.broadcast_multigpu(tensor_list, src, group=<object object>, async_op=False, src_tensor=0)[source]¶

Broadcasts the tensor to the whole group with multiple GPU tensors per node.

tensor must have the same number of elements in all the GPUs from all processes participating in the collective. each tensor in the list must be on a different GPU

Only nccl and gloo backend are currently supported tensors should only be GPU tensors

Parameters

• tensor_list (List[Tensor]) – Tensors that participate in the collective operation. If src is the rank, then the specified src_tensor element of tensor_list (tensor_list[src_tensor]) will be broadcast to all other tensors (on different GPUs) in the src process and all tensors in tensor_list of other non-src processes. You also need to make sure that len(tensor_list) is the same for all the distributed processes calling this function.

• src (int) – Source rank.

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

• async_op (bool, optional) – Whether this op should be an async op

• src_tensor (int, optional) – Source tensor rank within tensor_list

Returns

Async work handle, if async_op is set to True. None, if not async_op or if not part of the group

torch.distributed.all_reduce_multigpu(tensor_list, op=<ReduceOp.SUM: 0>, group=<object object>, async_op=False)[source]¶

Reduces the tensor data across all machines in such a way that all get the final result. This function reduces a number of tensors on every node, while each tensor resides on different GPUs. Therefore, the input tensor in the tensor list needs to be GPU tensors. Also, each tensor in the tensor list needs to reside on a different GPU.

After the call, all tensor in tensor_list is going to be bitwise identical in all processes.

Only nccl and gloo backend is currently supported tensors should only be GPU tensors

Parameters

• list (tensor) – List of input and output tensors of the collective. The function operates in-place and requires that each tensor to be a GPU tensor on different GPUs. You also need to make sure that len(tensor_list) is the same for all the distributed processes calling this function.

• op (optional) – One of the values from torch.distributed.ReduceOp enum. Specifies an operation used for element-wise reductions.

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

• async_op (bool, optional) – Whether this op should be an async op

Returns

Async work handle, if async_op is set to True. None, if not async_op or if not part of the group

torch.distributed.reduce_multigpu(tensor_list, dst, op=<ReduceOp.SUM: 0>, group=<object object>, async_op=False, dst_tensor=0)[source]¶

Reduces the tensor data on multiple GPUs across all machines. Each tensor in tensor_list should reside on a separate GPU

Only the GPU of tensor_list[dst_tensor] on the process with rank dst is going to receive the final result.

Only nccl backend is currently supported tensors should only be GPU tensors

Parameters

• tensor_list (List[Tensor]) – Input and output GPU tensors of the collective. The function operates in-place. You also need to make sure that len(tensor_list) is the same for all the distributed processes calling this function.

• dst (int) – Destination rank

• op (optional) – One of the values from torch.distributed.ReduceOp enum. Specifies an operation used for element-wise reductions.

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

• async_op (bool, optional) – Whether this op should be an async op

• dst_tensor (int, optional) – Destination tensor rank within tensor_list

Returns

Async work handle, if async_op is set to True. None, otherwise

torch.distributed.all_gather_multigpu(output_tensor_lists, input_tensor_list, group=<object object>, async_op=False)[source]¶

Gathers tensors from the whole group in a list. Each tensor in tensor_list should reside on a separate GPU

Only nccl backend is currently supported tensors should only be GPU tensors

Parameters

• output_tensor_lists (List[List[Tensor]]) –

  Output lists. It should contain correctly-sized tensors on each GPU to be used for output of the collective, e.g. output_tensor_lists[i] contains the all_gather result that resides on the GPU of input_tensor_list[i].

  Note that each element of output_tensor_lists has the size of world_size * len(input_tensor_list), since the function all gathers the result from every single GPU in the group. To interpret each element of output_tensor_lists[i], note that input_tensor_list[j] of rank k will be appear in output_tensor_lists[i][k * world_size + j]

  Also note that len(output_tensor_lists), and the size of each element in output_tensor_lists (each element is a list, therefore len(output_tensor_lists[i])) need to be the same for all the distributed processes calling this function.

• input_tensor_list (List[Tensor]) – List of tensors(on different GPUs) to be broadcast from current process. Note that len(input_tensor_list) needs to be the same for all the distributed processes calling this function.

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on

• async_op (bool, optional) – Whether this op should be an async op

Returns

Async work handle, if async_op is set to True. None, if not async_op or if not part of the group

torch.distributed.reduce_scatter_multigpu(output_tensor_list, input_tensor_lists, op=<ReduceOp.SUM: 0>, group=<object object>, async_op=False)[source]¶

Reduce and scatter a list of tensors to the whole group. Only nccl backend is currently supported.

Each tensor in output_tensor_list should reside on a separate GPU, as should each list of tensors in input_tensor_lists.

Parameters

• output_tensor_list (List[Tensor]) –

  Output tensors (on different GPUs) to receive the result of the operation.

  Note that len(output_tensor_list) needs to be the same for all the distributed processes calling this function.

• input_tensor_lists (List[List[Tensor]]) –

  Input lists. It should contain correctly-sized tensors on each GPU to be used for input of the collective, e.g. input_tensor_lists[i] contains the reduce_scatter input that resides on the GPU of output_tensor_list[i].

  Note that each element of input_tensor_lists has the size of world_size * len(output_tensor_list), since the function scatters the result from every single GPU in the group. To interpret each element of input_tensor_lists[i], note that output_tensor_list[j] of rank k receives the reduce-scattered result from input_tensor_lists[i][k * world_size + j]

  Also note that len(input_tensor_lists), and the size of each element in input_tensor_lists (each element is a list, therefore len(input_tensor_lists[i])) need to be the same for all the distributed processes calling this function.

• group (ProcessGroup, optional) – The process group to work on.

• async_op (bool, optional) – Whether this op should be an async op.

Returns

Async work handle, if async_op is set to True. None, if not async_op or if not part of the group.

Third-party backends¶

Besides the GLOO/MPI/NCCL backends, PyTorch distributed supports third-party backends through a run-time register mechanism. For references on how to develop a third-party backend through C++ Extension, please refer to Tutorials - Custom C++ and CUDA Extensions and test/cpp_extensions/cpp_c10d_extension.cpp. The capability of third-party backends are decided by their own implementations.

The new backend derives from c10d.ProcessGroup and registers the backend name and the instantiating interface through torch.distributed.Backend.register_backend() when imported.

When manually importing this backend and invoking torch.distributed.init_process_group() with the corresponding backend name, the torch.distributed package runs on the new backend.

Launch utility¶

The torch.distributed package also provides a launch utility in torch.distributed.launch. This helper utility can be used to launch multiple processes per node for distributed training.

torch.distributed.launch is a module that spawns up multiple distributed training processes on each of the training nodes.

The utility can be used for single-node distributed training, in which one or more processes per node will be spawned. The utility can be used for either CPU training or GPU training. If the utility is used for GPU training, each distributed process will be operating on a single GPU. This can achieve well-improved single-node training performance. It can also be used in multi-node distributed training, by spawning up multiple processes on each node for well-improved multi-node distributed training performance as well. This will especially be benefitial for systems with multiple Infiniband interfaces that have direct-GPU support, since all of them can be utilized for aggregated communication bandwidth.

In both cases of single-node distributed training or multi-node distributed training, this utility will launch the given number of processes per node (--nproc_per_node). If used for GPU training, this number needs to be less or equal to the number of GPUs on the current system (nproc_per_node), and each process will be operating on a single GPU from GPU 0 to GPU (nproc_per_node - 1).

How to use this module:

1. Single-Node multi-process distributed training

>>> python -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=NUM_GPUS_YOU_HAVE
           YOUR_TRAINING_SCRIPT.py (--arg1 --arg2 --arg3 and all other
           arguments of your training script)

2. Multi-Node multi-process distributed training: (e.g. two nodes)

Node 1: (IP: 192.168.1.1, and has a free port: 1234)

>>> python -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=NUM_GPUS_YOU_HAVE
           --nnodes=2 --node_rank=0 --master_addr="192.168.1.1"
           --master_port=1234 YOUR_TRAINING_SCRIPT.py (--arg1 --arg2 --arg3
           and all other arguments of your training script)

Node 2:

>>> python -m torch.distributed.launch --nproc_per_node=NUM_GPUS_YOU_HAVE
           --nnodes=2 --node_rank=1 --master_addr="192.168.1.1"
           --master_port=1234 YOUR_TRAINING_SCRIPT.py (--arg1 --arg2 --arg3
           and all other arguments of your training script)

3. To look up what optional arguments this module offers:

>>> python -m torch.distributed.launch --help

Important Notices:

1. This utility and multi-process distributed (single-node or multi-node) GPU training currently only achieves the best performance using the NCCL distributed backend. Thus NCCL backend is the recommended backend to use for GPU training.

2. In your training program, you must parse the command-line argument: --local_rank=LOCAL_PROCESS_RANK, which will be provided by this module. If your training program uses GPUs, you should ensure that your code only runs on the GPU device of LOCAL_PROCESS_RANK. This can be done by:

Parsing the local_rank argument

>>> import argparse
>>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
>>> parser.add_argument("--local_rank", type=int)
>>> args = parser.parse_args()

Set your device to local rank using either

>>> torch.cuda.set_device(arg.local_rank)  # before your code runs

or

>>> with torch.cuda.device(arg.local_rank):
>>>    # your code to run

3. In your training program, you are supposed to call the following function at the beginning to start the distributed backend. You need to make sure that the init_method uses env://, which is the only supported init_method by this module.

torch.distributed.init_process_group(backend='YOUR BACKEND',
                                     init_method='env://')

4. In your training program, you can either use regular distributed functions or use torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel() module. If your training program uses GPUs for training and you would like to use torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel() module, here is how to configure it.

model = torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel(model,
                                                  device_ids=[arg.local_rank],
                                                  output_device=arg.local_rank)

Please ensure that device_ids argument is set to be the only GPU device id that your code will be operating on. This is generally the local rank of the process. In other words, the device_ids needs to be [args.local_rank], and output_device needs to be args.local_rank in order to use this utility

5. Another way to pass local_rank to the subprocesses via environment variable LOCAL_RANK. This behavior is enabled when you launch the script with --use_env=True. You must adjust the subprocess example above to replace args.local_rank with os.environ['LOCAL_RANK']; the launcher will not pass --local_rank when you specify this flag.

Spawn utility¶

The Multiprocessing package - torch.multiprocessing package also provides a spawn function in torch.multiprocessing.spawn(). This helper function can be used to spawn multiple processes. It works by passing in the function that you want to run and spawns N processes to run it. This can be used for multiprocess distributed training as well.

For references on how to use it, please refer to PyTorch example - ImageNet implementation

Note that this function requires Python 3.4 or higher.